Clinical and economic burden of respiratory syncytial virus in Spanish children: the BARI study.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in children. However, its disease burden remains poorly understood, particularly outside of the hospital setting. Our study aimed to estimate the burden of medically attended acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) cases potentially related to RSV in Spanish children. Longitudinal data from September 2017 to June 2018 of 51,292 children aged < 5 years old from the National Healthcare System (NHS) of two Spanish regions were used. Three case definitions were considered: (a) RSV-specific; (b) RSV-specific and unspecified acute bronchiolitis (RSV-specific and Bronchiolitis), and; (c) RSV-specific and unspecified ALRI (RSV-specific and ALRI). A total of 3460 medically attended ALRI cases potentially due to RSV were identified, of which 257 (7.4%), 164 (4.7%), and 3039 (87.8%) coded with RSV-specific, unspecific bronchiolitis, and unspecific ALRI codes, respectively. Medically attended RSV-specific and ALRI cases per 1000 children was 134.4 in the first year of life, 119.4 in the second, and 35.3 between 2 and 5 years old. Most cases were observed in otherwise healthy children (93.1%). Mean direct healthcare cost per medically attended RSV-specific and ALRI case was €1753 in the first year of life, €896 in the second, and €683 between 2 and 5 years old. Hospitalization was the main driver of these costs, accounting for 55.6%, 38.0% and 33.4%, in each respective age group. In RSV-specific cases, mean direct healthcare cost per medically attended case was higher, mostly due to hospitalization: €3362 in the first year of life (72.9% from hospitalizations), €3252 in the second (72.1%), and €3514 between 2 and 5 years old (74.2%). These findings suggest that hospitalization data alone will underestimate the RSV infections requiring medical care, as will relying only on RSV-specific codes. RSV testing and codification must be improved and preventive solutions adopted, to protect all infants, particularly during the first year of life.

[Diagnostic challenges in epilepsy]. / Desafios diagnosticos en epilepsia.

INTRODUCTION: Epileptic seizures and epilepsy are part of daily clinical practice in neurology. Yet, the number of false positive diagnoses is surprisingly high. Almost one out of every five patients treated for epilepsy does not really have this diagnosis, which is a high percentage bearing in mind the social and medical consequences that being diagnosed with epilepsy entails. AIMS: To summarise the most important diagnostic challenges in epilepsy, to describe possible sources of diagnostic error and to offer advice on how to avoid them. DEVELOPMENT: Epilepsy is characterised by a tendency to suffer unprovoked epileptic seizures. The greatest obstacle when it comes to diagnosing a case of epilepsy is the fact that epileptic seizures are transient phenomena that occur relatively infrequently and the physician who must carry out the diagnosis will rarely see them. Moreover, there are other clinical events, such as syncopes or non-epileptic seizures, that may be similar to epileptic seizures in appearance and, consequently, can be mistaken for them. Finally, when interpreting the two most important complementary diagnostic techniques in epileptology, the electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, the most common errors must be taken into account in order to prevent mistaken diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of epilepsy is a challenge and must be based on a detailed and specific medical record. If there are any reasonable doubts, from the outset, about the diagnosis of epilepsy or if the patient does not respond well to the antiepileptic treatment, we recommend referring the patient to a specialised centre to establish a definitive diagnosis.

TITLE: Desafios diagnosticos en epilepsia.Introduccion. Las crisis epilepticas y la epilepsia son parte de la practica clinica diaria en neurologia. No obstante, el numero de diagnosticos falsos positivos es sorprendentemente alto. Casi uno de cada cinco pacientes tratado por epilepsia en realidad no tiene ese diagnostico, un porcentaje elevado teniendo en cuenta las consecuencias sociomedicas que conlleva el diagnostico de epilepsia. Objetivos. Resumir los desafios diagnosticos mas importantes en epilepsia, describir posibles fuentes de error en el diagnostico y proporcionar consejos sobre como evitarlos. Desarrollo. La epilepsia se caracteriza por una tendencia a sufrir crisis epilepticas no provocadas. El mayor obstaculo al diagnosticar una epilepsia radica en que las crisis epilepticas son fenomenos transitorios que ocurren relativamente con poca frecuencia y el medico que realiza el diagnostico raramente llega a verlas. Ademas, existen otros eventos clinicos, como por ejemplo sincopes o crisis no epilepticas, que pueden tener una apariencia similar a las crisis epilepticas y, en consecuencia, confundirse con ellas. Finalmente, al interpretar las dos tecnicas diagnosticas complementarias mas importantes en epileptologia, el electroencefalograma y la resonancia magnetica cerebral, deben tenerse en cuenta los errores mas comunes para prevenir diagnosticos erroneos. Conclusiones. El diagnostico de una epilepsia es un reto y debe basarse en una historia clinica detallada y especifica. Si desde el inicio existen dudas razonables sobre el diagnostico de epilepsia o si el paciente no responde bien al tratamiento antiepileptico, recomendamos derivar al paciente a un centro especializado que establezca un diagnostico definitivo.

Incidence and clinical presentation of acute otitis media in children aged <6 years in European medical practices.

We conducted an epidemiological, observational cohort study to determine the incidence and complications of acute otitis media (AOM) in children aged <6 years. Data on physician-diagnosed AOM were collected from retrospective review of medical charts for the year preceding enrolment and then prospectively in the year following enrolment. The study included 5776 children in Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. AOM incidence was 256/1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 243-270] in the prospective study period. Incidence was lowest in Italy (195, 95% CI 171-222) and highest in Spain (328, 95% CI 296-363). Complications were documented in <1% of episodes. Spontaneous tympanic membrane perforation was documented in 7% of episodes. Both retrospective and prospective study results were similar and show the high incidence during childhood in these five European countries. Differences by country may reflect true differences and differences in social structure and diagnostic procedures.

Spanish MYH7 founder mutation of Italian ancestry causing a large cluster of Laing myopathy patients.

Laing myopathy is a distal myopathy caused by mutations in the tail of the slow beta-myosin heavy chain gene MYH7. A large cluster of patients belonging to different families, with Laing myopathy due to p.K1729del mutation, was found in the Safor region, Spain. The same mutation was previously reported in an American family with Italian ancestry. The possibility that p.K1729del in MYH7 might be a founder mutation in the Safor patients and the chance of a common origin with the Italian-American family mutation was investigated by haplotype analyses, mutation data origin estimation and historical inquiry. Our results show that the p.K1729del in MYH7 harboured by patients from the Safor indeed is a founder mutation. A common ancestral origin of this mutation in the Spanish and Italian families is also suggested because they all share a core SNP haplotype at locus MYH7. Data estimation yields the origin of the mutation in the Safor at the beginning of the XVII century, when the Moorish were spelt and the region was resettled with Italian families.

Diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la otitis media aguda en la infancia / Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute otitis media

La otitis media aguda (OMA) es el diagnóstico más frecuente en la consulta de pediatría de atención primaria y motivo habitual de prescripción de antibióticos. La prevalencia mundial de la otitis media es elevada, sobre todo durante la primera infancia. De cada cinco infecciones respiratorias de las vías altas aproximadamente una se complica con un episodio de OMA. El pico de incidencia se produce entre los 6 y los 12 meses. La mayoría de los niños padecen al menos un episodio antes de la edad escolar, y un tercio de ellos desarrolla una OMA recurrente. Aunque pocos episodios de OMA producen complicaciones graves, como mastoiditis y meningitis, muchos otros pueden provocar una disminución de la audición secundaria, debido a la persistencia de líquido en el oído medio. Esta hipoacusia, intermitente o crónica, puede dar lugar a trastornos del aprendizaje y a problemas en el desarrollo del lenguaje (AU)

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most frequent diagnosis in the primary care pediatrician visits and the main reason for the prescription of antibiotics. The world prevalence of the AOM is high, especially during the early childhood. Approximately of every five upper respiratory tract infection one is complicated by an AOM episode. The incidence peak occurs between 6-12 months old. Most of the children suffer at least of one episode before they begin school. A third part develops recurrent acute otitis media (AOMr). Even though very little AOM’s episodes produce serious complications, such as mastoiditis and meningitis, many others can produce hearing loss caused by the persistent presence of fluid in the middle ear. This hypoacusia intermittent or chronic can cause learning disabilities and subsequent problems in the acquisition of language skills (AU)

MYH7 gene tail mutation causing myopathic profiles beyond Laing distal myopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a wide range of clinical and pathologic myopathic profiles associated with the p.K1729del mutation in the MYH7 gene, known to cause Laing distal myopathy. METHODS: A study conducted in the Safor region (Spain), setting of a large cluster of patients. Clinical, neurophysiologic, muscle imaging, and muscle biopsy studies and MYH7 gene sequencing were investigated in 32 patients from 4 kindreds. Data from 36 deceased or nonexamined patients were collected from hospital records or relatives. RESULTS: Onset ranged from congenital to the 6th decade. All patients presented weakness of great toe/ankle dorsiflexors and many had associated neck flexor, finger extensor, and mild facial weakness. In most cases, involvement of proximal and axial muscles was observed either clinically or by muscle imaging, sometimes giving rise to scapuloperoneal and limb-girdle syndromes. Disabling myalgias, skeletal deformities, and dilated cardiomyopathy in one patient were associated features. Life expectancy was not reduced but the spectrum of disability ranged from asymptomatic to wheelchair confined. Electromyographic neurogenic features were frequently recorded. Muscle fiber type disproportion, core/minicore lesions, and mitochondrial abnormalities were the most relevant pathologic alterations. All patients carried the p.K1729del mutation in MYH7. CONCLUSIONS: The p.K1729del mutation in the MYH7 gene expresses notable clinical variability and electromyographic and pathologic features that can lead to the misdiagnosis of neurogenic atrophies, congenital myopathies, or mitochondrial myopathies. Mutations in genes encoding other sarcomeric and reticulo-sarcoplasmic proteins involved in calcium regulation share pathologic characteristics with our patients, suggesting a possible pathogenetic connection.

[Vaccination schedule of the Spanish association of pediatrics: recommendations 2009]. / Calendario vacunal de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: Recomendaciones 2009.

Based on the available evidence, we, the Vaccine Advisory Committee (CAV) of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (Asociación Española de Pediatría, AEP), provide information about and comments on vaccine-related innovation during 2008. Modifications to the Vaccine Schedule for 2009 are also discussed. The importance of the recommendation of administration of a varicella booster at start of school (3-4 years of age) is highlighted according to the technical specifications of one of the vaccines. The importance of making the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine universally available is reiterated in accordance with the unquestionable results of scientific tests, WHO recommendations, the posture adopted by the majority of neighboring European countries, and the decision taken in 2006 by the autonomous community of Madrid (Spain). New scientific reasons are provided, corroborating the recommendation made by this committee in 2008, for the implementation by Spanish pediatricians of the vaccine against rotavirus and human papilloma virus. With regard to the latter, vaccination should be from 11 to 16 years of age, and then extended, in accordance with the technical specifications of the available vaccine preparations, to 26 years of age. As part of the recommendations, we insist that children in risk groups should be given flu vaccine and hepatitis A vaccine. The committee considers that these two vaccines must also be given, when pediatricians consider it appropriate, to children other than those in risk groups. This recommendation can be regarded as the first step towards a future recommendation of universal vaccination. Finally, this year we include an appendix with recommendations and vaccination strategies to be followed in children who have not previously received vaccines or who have not been completely immunized.

Calendario vacunal de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: Recomendaciones 2009 / Vaccination Schedule of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics: Recommendations 2009

El Comité Asesor de Vacunas (CAV) de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP), con base en la evidencia disponible, informa y comenta las novedades que sobre vacunas se han producido en el año 2008 y aconseja las modificaciones del Calendario Vacunal para el año 2009. Se insiste en recomendar la administración de la segunda dosis de recuerdo de vacuna de varicela al inicio de la escolarización (3-4 años) según las especificaciones de la ficha técnica de una de las vacunas. Se sigue reiterando la importancia de universalizar la vacunación antineumocócica conjugada heptavalente, en consonancia con las incuestionables pruebas científicas existentes, la recomendación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la postura adoptada en la mayoría de los países europeos de nuestro entorno y la decisión que tomó en 2006 la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid en España. Se aportan nuevas razones científicas que corroboran la recomendación, realizada en 2008 por este Comité, de implementar la vacuna frente al rotavirus y el virus papiloma humano; se insiste respecto a esta última en la vacunación prioritaria desde los 11 años hasta los 16 años y se amplía, en consonancia con las fichas técnicas de los preparados vacunales disponibles, hasta los 26 años. En estas recomendaciones vacunales, se insiste en dos vacunas, gripe y hepatitis A, que deben aplicarse a los niños en riesgo. Este Comité considera que las vacunas frente a la gripe y la hepatitis A deben ser implementadas cuando los pediatras lo consideren oportuno, más allá de los grupos de riesgo, como primer paso para una futura recomendación universal. Por último, este año se incluye un anexo sobre las recomendaciones y estrategias vacunales a seguir en el caso de niños no vacunados o inmunizados de forma incompleta (AU)

Based on the available evidence, we, the Vaccine Advisory Committee (CAV) of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (Asociación Española de Pediatría, AEP), provide information about and comments on vaccine-related innovation during 2008. Modifications to the Vaccine Schedule for 2009 are also discussed. The importance of the recommendation of administration of a varicella booster at start of school (3¿4 years of age) is highlighted according to the technical specifications of one of the vaccines. The importance of making the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine universally available is reiterated in accordance with the unquestionable results of scientific tests, WHO recommendations, the posture adopted by the majority of neighboring European countries, and the decision taken in 2006 by the autonomous community of Madrid (Spain). New scientific reasons are provided, corroborating the recommendation made by this committee in 2008, for the implementation by Spanish pediatricians of the vaccine against rotavirus and human papilloma virus. With regard to the latter, vaccination should be from 11 to 16 years of age, and then extended, in accordance with the technical specifications of the available vaccine preparations, to 26 years of age. As part of the recommendations, we insist that children in risk groups should be given flu vaccine and hepatitis A vaccine. The committee considers that these two vaccines must also be given, when pediatricians consider it appropriate, to children other than those in risk groups. This recommendation can be regarded as the first step towards a future recommendation of universal vaccination. Finally, this year we include an appendix with recommendations and vaccination strategies to be followed in children who have not previously received vaccines or who have not been completely immunized (AU)

[Why are pediatric empyemas on the increase in Spain?]. / Por qué hay más empiemas pediátricos en España?

There is a widespread perception among Spanish pediatricians that the incidence of empyema has significantly increased in the last few years, even though the objective information available is limited, and there is no specific active epidemiological surveillance system for this condition. In the present article, we review the situation of empyema in Spain, and discuss the main hypotheses put forward in the international literature to explain this increase, as well as the limitations of the sources available. Despite the scarcity of information, we draw the following conclusions: 1) the incidence of pediatric empyema is increasing in Spain, both generally and when caused by pneumococcus in particular; 2) the reason for this increase remains unknown, and to date no firm link has been established between this phenomenon and the heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine; and 3) this situation justifies the establishment of prospective systems for the surveillance and control of empyema and, once again, highlights the importance of developing active surveillance systems for pneumococcal disease.

¿Por qué hay más empiemas pediátricos en España? / Why are pediatric empyemas on the increase in Spain?

Existe la percepción entre los pediatras españoles de que el número de casos de empiema pediátrico ha aumentado significativamente en los últimos años; sin embargo, la información objetiva disponible es limitada, y además es una patología de libre declaración para la que no existen sistemas específicos de vigilancia epidemiológica activa. En este trabajo se revisa la situación del empiema pediátrico en España, y se discute las principales hipótesis que se han planteado en la bibliografía internacional para explicar este incremento, así como las limitaciones de las fuentes disponibles. Se concluye que, aunque la información disponible es limitada: a) la incidencia de empiema pediátrico está aumentando en nuestro país, tanto globalmente como la específicamente ocasionada por neumococo; b) la causa de este incremento es desconocida, y hasta la fecha no existen datos que permitan vincularlo a la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada heptavalente, y c) esta situación justifica la puesta en marcha de sistemas prospectivos de vigilancia y control del empiema y, una vez más, pone de relieve la importancia de implantar y desarrollar sistemas de vigilancia activa de la enfermedad neumocócica (AU)

There is a widespread perception among Spanish pediatricians that the incidence of empyema has significantly increased in the last few years, even though the objective information available is limited, and there is no specific active epidemiological surveillance system for this condition. In the present article, we review the situation of empyema in Spain, and discuss the main hypotheses put forward in the international literature to explain this increase, as well as the limitations of the sources available. Despite the scarcity of information, we draw the following conclusions: 1) the incidence of pediatric empyema is increasing in Spain, both generally and when caused by pneumococcus in particular; 2) the reason for this increase remains unknown, and to date no firm link has been established between this phenomenon and the heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine; and 3) this situation justifies the establishment of prospective systems for the surveillance and control of empyema and, once again, highlights the importance of developing active surveillance systems for pneumococcal disease (AU)

[Criteria for including vaccines in the immunization schedule of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics]. / Criterios de inclusión de vacunas en el calendario de la Asociación Española de Pediatría.

The Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics analyzes and discusses the criteria followed when preparing their yearly Recommended Immunization Schedule for children and adolescents. The relative importance of each criterion in the final recommendation is assessed. Following a review of the current state of affairs of childhood immunization in Spain and of the crucial role played by pediatricians, some reflections are presented on the problems derived from the vaccines recommended by this Committee but not covered by the national health system. Suggestions are made for individual pediatricians who may need to establish specific priorities in the recommendation of these vaccines.

[Immunization schedule of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics: recommendations 2008]. / Calendario vacunal de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: recomendaciones 2008.

The Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics provides information on the new developments in vaccines that have taken place in 2007, based on the available evidence, and discusses these developments. Certain modifications to the Immunization Schedule for 2008 are recommended. A second varicella vaccine booster dose, administered together with the booster dose of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine when children start school (3-4 years), is recommended to avoid vaccine failures against the varicella-zoster virus. Based on current scientific evidence, the importance of universal heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination, as carried out in most similar European countries and in the autonomous community of Madrid in Spain, is stressed. Human papilloma virus vaccine is included in the Immunization Schedule for girls from 11 years old, and initially, at least up to the age of 16 years. Vaccination against rotavirus in children starting at 6 weeks and completing the series before 6 months is recommended. Other recommendations included in this year's Immunization Schedule are vaccination against influenza and hepatitis A virus in risk groups and at the pediatrician's discretion, as a first step toward the future recommendation of universal immunization.

Desarrollo de nuevas vacunas: vacuna frente al virus del papiloma humano. Criterios para su incorporación al programa de inmunización sistemática / No disponible

En las dos últimas décadas estamos asistiendo al desarrollo de nuevas vacunas gracias alos avances tecnológicos y la mejoría de la comprensión del sistema inmunitario y de las interaccionesde patógenos y huésped humano en el desarrollo de enfermedades. La infección porvirus del papiloma humano (VPH) es un claro ejemplo de esta última cuestión. Se sabe que lainfección persistente por algunos tipos de VPH de alto riesgo oncogénico constituye un factorcausal indispensable para el desarrollo del cáncer de cérvix. Este conocimiento ha permitidoel desarrollo de una estrategia de prevención primaria mediante vacunas profilácticas. De manerainminente, vamos a disponer en nuestro mercado de una vacuna para la prevención delVPH. La decisión de las autoridades sanitarias de incluirla o no en el calendario sistemáticodependerá del análisis de todos los factores implicados dentro de este problema de salud quese pretende prevenir. Los pediatras de Atención Primaria somos parte de la estructura que sustentael programa de vacunación. Como parte implicada en el proceso, es importante que conozcamoscuáles son los criterios que se evalúan. Este artículo analiza cada uno de estos criterios,utilizando como ejemplo la enfermedad por VPH y su vacuna, e intentando realizar unaaproximación a la perspectiva de salud pública

In the last two decades, a better knowledge of immune system and interactions betweenpathogens and human guest, involved in disease development, has proved to be crucial in theresearch of new vaccines. A good example of this has been the human papillomavirus (HPV)infection. Thus, high oncogenic risk types of HPV are involved in the development of cervix cancer. In those cases, a primary prevention strategy for HPV infection using prophylactic vaccines,plays an important role in prevention of future cervix cancer. The imminent marketingof HPV vaccine in our country, and its consequent inclusion in the Spanish ImmunizationSchedule, will depend on the results of the analysis of all impact factors in health burden. Weprimary care paediatricians are the final prescribers of vaccines, so we should know which criteriahave been evaluated by Sanitary Authorities. This paper analyzes each one of these criteriafor HPV vaccine

[Vaccination schedule of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics: recommendations 2007]. / Calendario de vacunación de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: recomendaciones 2007.

The Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics provides information on the new developments in vaccines that have taken place in 2006 and recommends certain modifications to the Immunization Schedule for 2007. To ensure early protection, the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine booster dose should be administered when children start school (3-4 years). Based on existing scientific evidence, the importance of universal heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination, as occurs in most similar European countries and in the autonomous community of Madrid in Spain, is confirmed. The safety and efficacy of rotavirus and human papilloma virus vaccines, as well as their use in our environment, is discussed and the role of pediatricians in their implementation is stressed. The recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents starting vaccination late is also discussed.

Dos vacunas frente a rotavirus seguras y eficaces / Two safe and effective rotavirus vaccines

No disponible

[Human papillomavirus vaccines: a new challenge for pediatricians]. / Vacuna frente al virus del papiloma humano: un nuevo reto para el pediatra.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. This infection is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, has been related to other forms of anogenital, airway and digestive cancers, and also causes anogenital warts. The recent advances in HPV prophylactic vaccines and their imminent commercial availability will post a new challenge to pediatricians: the indication and administration of these vaccines for the prevention of HPV infection, and consequently, of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. The present article reviews the essentials of HPV infection, its relationship with cervical cancer, the advances in prophylactic HPV vaccines, and the role of the pediatrician in this context.